There other day I needed to encrypt certain properties in our XML configuration files. But there were few challanges that needed to be addressed

  • Use existing Java installation
  • !!! How will Master Encryption Key be derives and stored !!!

First restriction is very important as it limits us to what algorithmic and key sizes can be used, adding Java Cryptography Extension was not a option.

This limited us to using AES with key size 128, using 256 would give us an exception.

java.security.InvalidKeyException:Illegal key size or default parameters

Second important question raised was “How will the master password be derived and possibly stored ?”, there are a number of approaches to this and each have its advantages, but the constraint here is that there should be no user interaction involved.

Few of the approaches considered

Passing password as a environment variable
This requires users to modify the startup parameters and the password is plain text
Prompting user to provider password when they start the application
This is good method(KeePass use it) but it requires user interaction, which was not acceptable in my case
Generating unique machine key
This method is not the best but it does work well, as long as the attacker don’t know how the key was generated.

Approach chosen by me was to use the machine generated key/id, I have chooses the MAC address as the machine key, I know it can be easily spoofed but if the attacker is that dedicated then I am screwed anyway.

Machine key generation algorithm is is straight forward. First we will try to obtain the MAC Address from the network interface, if that fails we we try to use the machine name obtained from the RuntimeMXBean, this is very depended on what JVM we are using as there is no guarantee what getName() method will return, if this fails we will fall back to using
System.getenv("COMPUTERNAME"), if all this fails we simply throw an exception.

Encrypted Message Format

CRYPT:Ss3iHK6kHLswAh7AyoHdo1dbbTJt0UpLxVNRZ9W+bks=

Encrypted messages can be broken down into three parts

Identifier : CRYPT used to indicate that this property have been encrypted

Initial Vector + Data : Ss3iHK6kHLswAh7AyoHdo1dbbTJt0UpLxVNRZ9W+bks=

Because we know the IV size(128 bits) we can prepend that to the begging of our encrypted message, so when we are decrypting the message we know that first 128bits will be the IV.


Example Usage

  AESEncryptDecryptUtil util = new AESEncryptDecryptUtil();
        String encrypedMessage = util
            .encrypt("Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Proin scelerisque sodales augue, ac tristique nibh euismod nec. ");
        boolean status = util.isEncrypted(encrypedMessage);
 
        System.out.println("Encrypted : " + encrypedMessage);
        System.out.println("Message encrypted : " + status);
        System.out.println("Decrypted : " + util.decrypt(encrypedMessage));

Encrypting Properties

   public String getUserName()
    {
        try
        {
            AESEncryptDecryptUtil util = new AESEncryptDecryptUtil();
            if (util.isEncrypted(userName))
            {
                return util.decrypt(userName);
            }
        }
        catch (EncryptDecryptException e)
        {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
        return userName;
    }

Output

Encrypted : CRYPT:keGhiojDBpgsUkdepcT6aFvzR0Jpsmi4no3TwP3OzFbAmjvvBxkSQHMyQ8uM81PTCTEWebe3HrE5
o/+jLgdmQB+CDxBMUvUrFRvFFAGsrCcS+cWgYTi+T5/LTUFonXBOc5r++GQbV2htxy9YislL2JPT
vMQAGrgMjOFTDBZvuJdeUIC6uKWjtndJidxigxHB
Message encrypted : true
Decrypted : Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Proin scelerisque sodales augue, ac tristique nibh euismod nec.

Code Listing

 
import java.io.UnsupportedEncodingException;
import java.lang.management.ManagementFactory;
import java.lang.management.RuntimeMXBean;
import java.net.InetAddress;
import java.net.NetworkInterface;
import java.net.SocketException;
import java.net.UnknownHostException;
import java.security.AlgorithmParameters;
import java.security.InvalidKeyException;
import java.security.spec.InvalidParameterSpecException;
import java.security.spec.KeySpec;
 
import javax.crypto.BadPaddingException;
import javax.crypto.Cipher;
import javax.crypto.IllegalBlockSizeException;
import javax.crypto.SecretKey;
import javax.crypto.SecretKeyFactory;
import javax.crypto.spec.IvParameterSpec;
import javax.crypto.spec.PBEKeySpec;
import javax.crypto.spec.SecretKeySpec;
 
import sun.misc.BASE64Decoder;
import sun.misc.BASE64Encoder;
 
/**
 * AES Encryption/Decryption Utility that uses MAC address as the Master
 * Encryption Key Initial Vector need to be stored together with the encrypted
 * string so that we can use it to decrypt the message. This is the format that
 * will be produced from the encryption, both encrypted message and initial
 * vector are base 64 encoded, in UTF-8 char set
 * <code>CRYPT:initialVector+encryptedMessage</code>
 * 
 * @author gbugaj
 */
public class AESEncryptDecryptUtil
{
 
    private static final int ITERATIONS = 65536;
 
    private static final String STRING_ENCODING = "UTF-8";
 
    private static final String CRYPT_PREFIX = "CRYPT";
 
    /**
     * If we user Key size of 256 we will get java.security.InvalidKeyException:
     * Illegal key size or default parameters , Unless we configure Java
     * Cryptography Extension 128
     */
    private static final int KEY_SIZE = 128;
 
    private static final byte[] SALT = { (byte) 0x0, (byte) 0x0, (byte) 0x0, (byte) 0x0, (byte) 0x0, (byte) 0x0, (byte) 0x0, (byte) 0x0 };
 
    private SecretKeySpec secret;
 
    private Cipher cipher;
 
    private BASE64Encoder base64Encoder;
 
    private BASE64Decoder base64Decoder;
 
    private AESEncryptDecryptUtil() throws EncryptDecryptException
    {
        try
        {
            /* Derive the key, given password and salt. */
            SecretKeyFactory factory = SecretKeyFactory.getInstance("PBKDF2WithHmacSHA1");
            KeySpec spec;
 
            spec = new PBEKeySpec(getHardwareKey(), SALT, ITERATIONS, KEY_SIZE);
            SecretKey tmp = factory.generateSecret(spec);
            secret = new SecretKeySpec(tmp.getEncoded(), "AES");
 
            // CBC = Cipher Block chaining
            // PKCS5Padding Indicates that the keys are padded
            cipher = Cipher.getInstance("AES/CBC/PKCS5Padding");
 
            // For production use commons base64 encoder
            base64Decoder = new BASE64Decoder();
            base64Encoder = new BASE64Encoder();
        }
        catch (Exception e)
        {
            throw new EncryptDecryptException("Unable to initialize", e);
        }
 
    }
 
    /**
     * Get hardware key to be used for encryption, we rely on MAC address as the
     * key, with fallback to JVM name then windows machine name
     * 
     * @return key as char[]
     * @throws EncryptDecryptException
     */
    private char[] getHardwareKey() throws EncryptDecryptException
    {
 
        // Exceptions from this are ignored as we move to next available method
        try
        {
            InetAddress address = InetAddress.getLocalHost();
            NetworkInterface nic = NetworkInterface.getByInetAddress(address);
            if (nic != null)
            {
                byte[] mac = nic.getHardwareAddress();
                if (mac != null && mac.length > 0)
                {
                    return new String(mac, STRING_ENCODING).toCharArray();
                }
            }
        }
        catch (UnknownHostException e)
        {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
        catch (SocketException e)
        {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
        catch (UnsupportedEncodingException e)
        {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
 
        // Could not obtain MAC Address so we are falling back on the computer
        // name then on the JVM Name
        RuntimeMXBean rmx = ManagementFactory.getRuntimeMXBean();
        String jvmName = rmx.getName();
        String[] parts = jvmName.split("@");
        if (parts.length > 0)
        {
            String name = parts[1];
            if (name != null && !name.isEmpty())
            {
                return name.toCharArray();
            }
        }
 
        String name = System.getenv("COMPUTERNAME");
        if (name != null && !name.isEmpty())
        {
            return name.toCharArray();
        }
        throw new EncryptDecryptException("Unable to obtain Secure Key");
    }
 
    /**
     * Encrypt given input string
     * 
     * @param input
     * @return
     * @throws EncryptDecryptException
     */
    public String encrypt(String input) throws EncryptDecryptException
    {
        try
        {
            byte[] inputBytes = input.getBytes(STRING_ENCODING);
            cipher.init(Cipher.ENCRYPT_MODE, secret);
            AlgorithmParameters params = cipher.getParameters();
            byte[] iv = params.getParameterSpec(IvParameterSpec.class).getIV();
            byte[] ciphertext = cipher.doFinal(inputBytes);
            byte[] out = new byte[iv.length + ciphertext.length];
            System.arraycopy(iv, 0, out, 0, iv.length);
            System.arraycopy(ciphertext, 0, out, iv.length, ciphertext.length);
            return CRYPT_PREFIX + ":" + base64Encoder.encode(out);
        }
 
        catch (IllegalBlockSizeException e)
        {
            throw new EncryptDecryptException("Unable to encrypt", e);
        }
        catch (BadPaddingException e)
        {
            throw new EncryptDecryptException("Unable to encrypt", e);
        }
        catch (InvalidKeyException e)
        {
            throw new EncryptDecryptException("Unable to encrypt", e);
        }
        catch (InvalidParameterSpecException e)
        {
            throw new EncryptDecryptException("Unable to encrypt", e);
        }
        catch (UnsupportedEncodingException e)
        {
            throw new EncryptDecryptException("Unable to encrypt", e);
        }
    }
 
    /**
     * Decrypt input string
     * 
     * @param input
     * @return decrypted string
     * @throws EncryptDecryptException
     */
    @SuppressWarnings("restriction")
    public String decrypt(String input) throws EncryptDecryptException
 
    {
        if (!input.startsWith(CRYPT_PREFIX))
        {
            throw new EncryptDecryptException("Unable to decrypt, input string does not start with 'CRYPT'");
        }
 
        try
        {
            byte[] data = base64Decoder.decodeBuffer(input.substring(6, input.length()));
            int keylen = KEY_SIZE / 8;
            byte[] iv = new byte[keylen];
            System.arraycopy(data, 0, iv, 0, keylen);
            cipher.init(Cipher.DECRYPT_MODE, secret, new IvParameterSpec(iv));
            return new String(cipher.doFinal(data, keylen, data.length - keylen), STRING_ENCODING);
        }
        catch (Exception e)
        {
            throw new EncryptDecryptException("Unable to decrypt ", e);
        }
    }
 
    /**
     * Helper Exception to wrap arround Encryption/Decryption exceptions
     */
    @SuppressWarnings("serial")
    private static class EncryptDecryptException extends Exception
    {
        public EncryptDecryptException()
        {
            super();
        }
 
        public EncryptDecryptException(String msg)
        {
            super(msg);
        }
 
        public EncryptDecryptException(String msg, Throwable t)
        {
            super(msg, t);
        }
 
        public EncryptDecryptException(Throwable t)
        {
            super(t);
        }
    }
 
    /**
     * Check if given string is already encrypted
     * 
     * @param input
     * @return
     */
    private boolean isEncrypted(String input)
    {
        if (input == null || input.isEmpty())
        {
            return false;
        }
        return input.startsWith(CRYPT_PREFIX);
    }
 
    public static void main(String[] args) throws EncryptDecryptException
    {
        AESEncryptDecryptUtil util = new AESEncryptDecryptUtil();
        String encrypedMessage = util
            .encrypt("TEST");
        boolean status = util.isEncrypted(encrypedMessage);
 
        System.out.println("Encrypted : " + encrypedMessage);
        System.out.println("Message encrypted : " + status);
        System.out.println("Decrypted : " + util.decrypt(encrypedMessage));
    }
 
}

Leptonica provides us with easy way to read barcodes but it does not offer a way to create them(as far as I know). Here is a leptonica function that will allow us to generate CODABAR barcode, in the feature I am planning on adding more type and more options but for now this was all I needed.


Sample Usage

l_int32 res = 300;
l_int32 bar_width = .02 * res;
l_int32 bar_height = .35 * res;
 
// Barcode is bitonal
PIX* barcode= pixCreateBarcodeCodebar("C3853110009C", bar_width, bar_height, 10, 10, 2, 2);
if (barcode == NULL)
{
	printf("\n******** ERROR ***********");
	return;
}
pixWritePng("c:/temp/barcode.png", barcode, 0);

Implementation

/**
 * Barcode Generator
 * @author : greg
 */
#ifndef CREATEBARCODE_H_
#define CREATEBARCODE_H_
 
#include <ctype.h>
 
#if !defined(LEPTONICA_ALLHEADERS_H)
#   include <leptonica/allheaders.h>
#endif
 
#if !defined(LEPTONICA_READBARCODE_H)
#	include <leptonica/readbarcode.h>
#endif
 
/* ----------------------------------------------------------------- *
 * Codabar symbology                         *
 * Data  B  S  B  S  B  S  B   Value
 * 0     0  0  0  0  0  1  1     0
 * 1     0  0  0  0  1  1  0     1
 * 2     0  0  0  1  0  0  1     2
 * @ref http://www.barcodesymbols.com/codabar.htm
 * @ref leptonica/readbarcode.h
 * ----------------------------------------------------------------- */
static const char *CodabarCodes[] =
{ "1111122", "1111221", "1112112", "2211111", "1121121", /* 0: 0 - 4      */
"2111121", "1211112", "1211211", "1221111", "2112111", /* 5: 5 - 9      */
"1112211", "1122111", "2111212", "2121112", "2121211", /* 10: -,$,:,/,. */
"1121212", "1122121", "1212112", "1112122", "1112221" /* 15: +,A,B,C,D */
};
 
int mapCodebarToIndex(const char c)
{
	switch (toupper(c))
	{
	case '0':
	case '1':
	case '2':
	case '3':
	case '4':
	case '5':
	case '6':
	case '7':
	case '8':
	case '9':
		return atoi(&c);
	case '-':
		return 10;
	case '$':
		return 11;
	case ':':
		return 12;
	case '/':
		return 13;
	case '.':
		return 14;
	case '+':
		return 15;
	case 'A':
		return 16;
	case 'B':
		return 17;
	case 'C':
	case '*':
		return 18;
	case 'E':
	case 'D':
		return 19;
 
	}
	return 0;
}
 
/**
 * Crate 8 bpp Codebar barcode
 */
PIX* pixCreateBarcodeCodebar(const char* code, l_int32 bar_width, l_int32 bar_height, l_int32 margin_left,
		l_int32 margin_right, l_int32 margin_top, l_int32 margin_bottom)
{
	PROCNAME("pixCreateBarcodeCodebar");
 
	printf("\n Rendering : %s", code);
	//The width ratio between narrow and wide can be chosen between 1:2.25 and 1:3
	l_float32 ratio = 2;
	l_int32 width_wide = bar_width * ratio;
	l_int32 narrow_space = bar_width;
	// Calculate size
	l_int32 size = 0;
	for (int i = 0; code[i] != '\0'; ++i, ++size)
	{
		// NOOP
	}
	// allocate big enough image
	PIX* pix = pixCreate(size * width_wide * 7, bar_height, 1);
	pixSetResolution(pix, 300, 300);
 
	l_int32 xpos = margin_left;
	for (int i = 0; i < size; ++i)
	{
		const char* encoding = CodabarCodes[mapCodebarToIndex(code[i])];
		for (l_uint16 j = 0; j < 7; j++)
		{
			l_int32 renderwidth = bar_width;
			if (encoding[j] == '2')
			{
				renderwidth = width_wide;
			}
			if ((j % 2 == 0))
			{
				for (l_int32 k = 0; k < renderwidth; ++k)
				{
//					pixRenderLineArb(pix, xpos+k, 0, xpos+k, height, 1, 0, 0, 0);
					pixRenderLine(pix, xpos + k, margin_top, xpos + k, bar_height - margin_bottom, 1, L_SET_PIXELS);
				}
			}
			xpos += renderwidth;
		}
 
		// Each character is separated by narrow space
		if (i < size - 1)
			xpos += narrow_space;
	}
 
	// Clip
	BOX* bounds = boxCreate(0, 0, xpos + margin_right, bar_height);
	pix = pixClipRectangle(pix, bounds, NULL);
	boxDestroy(&bounds);
	return pix;
}
 
#endif /* CREATEBARCODE_H_ */

I think I will make this my first GIT project and share it with all, trying to move away from google code.

Posted in cpp.

Using popcnt instruction found on newer processors to get population count which is number of set bits.

Reference : SSE4



Here are couple example inputs with expected output.

 0xA =  1010 -- > 2
 0x3F2 =  1111110010 -- > 7	
#include <iostream>
#include <stdio.h>
 
using namespace std;
 
int main() {
	// 0xA =  1010 -- > 2
	// 0x3F2 =  1111110010 -- > 7
 
	unsigned long code = 0x3F2UL;
	int bitcount = 0;
 
	__asm__( "movl %1, %%eax; "  //code into eax
			"popcnt  %%eax,  %%eax;"//  call popcnt instruction
			"movl %%eax, %0;"// ebx into bitcount
			:"=r"(bitcount)// output
			:"r"(code)// input
			:"%eax","%ebx","%ecx","%edx"// clobbered register
	);
 
	printf("%d", bitcount);
	return 0;
}

While upgrading from Spring 3.0.5 to 3.1.1.RELEASE I started getting following exception.

java.lang.ClassNotFoundException: org.springframework.web.context.support.StandardServletEnvironment
	at org.apache.catalina.loader.WebappClassLoader.loadClass(WebappClassLoader.java:1714)
	at org.apache.catalina.loader.WebappClassLoader.loadClass(WebappClassLoader.java:1559)
	at org.springframework.web.servlet.HttpServletBean.<init>(HttpServletBean.java:90)
	at org.springframework.web.servlet.FrameworkServlet.<init>(FrameworkServlet.java:211)
	at org.springframework.web.servlet.DispatcherServlet.<init>(DispatcherServlet.java:323)
	at sun.reflect.NativeConstructorAccessorImpl.newInstance0(Native Method)
	at sun.reflect.NativeConstructorAccessorImpl.newInstance(NativeConstructorAccessorImpl.java:39)
	at sun.reflect.DelegatingConstructorAccessorImpl.newInstance(DelegatingConstructorAccessorImpl.java:27)
	at java.lang.reflect.Constructor.newInstance(Constructor.java:513)
	at java.lang.Class.newInstance0(Class.java:355)
	at java.lang.Class.newInstance(Class.java:308)

After some research I came to conclusion that the file have been factored out into ‘spring-web’ subproject.

So to solve this all we need to do is include ‘spring-web’ dependency

            <dependency>
 
         	<groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
			<artifactId>spring-web</artifactId>
			<version>${spring.version}</version>
			<exclusions>
				<exclusion>
					<groupId>commons-logging</groupId>
					<artifactId>commons-logging</artifactId>
				</exclusion>
			</exclusions>
		</dependency>

Hope this might help someone save some time.

Finally I have released my PhantomSQL project.

PhantomSQL is a domain specific language designed for mining content from static and dynamic sources, It closely resembles SQL with features borrowed from other popular dynamic languages.
It can be run as a interpreter or ‘server’ mode, it comes with type 4 JDBC driver for ease of integration with java applications.

Sample Queries

Here are just few examples taken from the project site to display some of the syntax of the language.

Hello World

Following example illustrates how to query google.com for some blog search results.

 
 SELECT FIRST css("#ires a") AS title FROM https://www.google.com/SEARCH
  USING GET WITH {'q': "josh bloch", 'tbm':"blg"}
 
  print @title +" : "+ @title['href']

Crawling Flicker.com

Flicker Integration
This query does nothing more than query flicker.com for ‘nabilishes’ and then crawl the site using GET while the ‘css(“a.Next”)’ condition matches, at the end it prints how many results have been found.

 @RESULT = SELECT css(".pc_img") FROM http://www.flickr.com/SEARCH 
 USING GET WITH {'q': "nabilishes", 'm' : "text"}
 crawl(css("a.Next")) 
 print @RESULT.LENGTH()

Extracting images from Flicker.com search results

Here we build on previous example by adding the ‘WHILE-SELECT’ construct and actually saving the image with the ‘save’ function.

while SELECT css(".pc_img", "src", TRUE) AS img FROM http://www.flickr.com/SEARCH  
       USING GET WITH {'q': "nabilishes", 'm' : "text"}
       crawl(css("a.Next")) 
 BEGIN
   save (@img)
 END

Retrieving Binary Content

Following two examples are equivalent.

Following example illustrates how to retrieve binary content from a site and save it on the filesystem when running via interpreter.

 
SELECT FIRST css("#main_image", "src", TRUE) AS item FROM https://1saleaday.com
save(@item)

Following example illustrates how to retrieve binary content from a site with JDBC Driver and dump the file to file system.

    public void retieveFile()
    {
        try
        {
            try
            {
                Class.forName("com.gbltech.phantomsql.driver.PhantomDriver");
            }
            catch (Exception e)
            {
                e.printStackTrace();
            }
            Connection conn = DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:phantomsql://localhost?characterEncoding=utf8");
            Statement statement = conn.createStatement();
            ResultSet resultSet = statement
                .executeQuery("select first css(\"#main_image\", \"src\", true) as item from https://1saleaday.com");
            if (resultSet.next())
            {
                OutputStream out = null;
                Blob blob = resultSet.getBlob(1);
                try
                {
                    out = new FileOutputStream(new File("./test.jpg"));
                    InputStream is = blob.getBinaryStream();
                    byte[] buff = new byte[1024];
                    int read = 0;
                    while ((read = is.read(buff, 0, buff.length)) != -1)
                    {
                        out.write(buff, 0, read);
                    }
                    out.flush();
                }
                catch (FileNotFoundException e)
                {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
                catch (IOException e)
                {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
                finally
                {
                    if (out != null)
                    {
                        try
                        {
                            out.close();
                        }
                        catch (IOException e)
                        {
                            e.printStackTrace();
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
        }
        catch (SQLException e)
        {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
    }







This is just a taste of what the PhantomSQL can do, there is much more so go check it out.
I am looking for feedback, criticism and bug reports to let me make the project better, so if you have something drop me a line.

This is a simple mod that allow us to have custom product tabs in BigCommerce system, there is no limit on how many tabs you can have. Our final result will be this.


Mod

This mod requires modification to only one file /Panels/ProductTabs.html

Step 1

Add current JavaScript to the existing script tag

	/**
	 * Overrides  parts of /javascript/product.functions.js#GenerateProductTabs() function
	 * as it does not support related products	 
	*/
	$(document).ready(function()
	{
			var id = 'RelatedProducts';
			var TabName = 'Related Products';
			 var ProductTab = '<li id="'+id+'_Tab" ><a onclick="ActiveProductTab(\''+id+'_Tab\'); return false;" href="#">'+TabName+'</a></li>';
 
			$('#ProductTabsList').append(ProductTab);
	});

Step 2

Here we actually add content of our tab.

	<div id="RelatedProducts" class="Block Panel" style="display:none">
		CONTENT TO DISPLAY IN TAB
	</div>

One thing to not is that the div id ‘RelatedProducts’ relates to javascript id ‘RelatedProducts’ so if you change that you need to change the div id.

That is, if we wanted to add additional tabs we simply would use an array.

Showing brand logos on product pages in BigCommerce sites is harder than it should be. Here is a quick mod that will let us do that without need of using the API.
Here is the desired result


Code

This works by parsing you /brands page and then comparing current brand name to the one from parsed page.

Lets edit Panels/ProductPanels.html and change the current brand code into this

<div class="DetailRow" style="display: %%GLOBAL_HideBrandLink%%">
					<div class="Label">%%LNG_Brand%%:</div>
					<div class="Value">
						 <a href="%%GLOBAL_BrandLink%%"><img src="/templates/__custom/images/BrandDefault.gif" border="0" id="brand-logo"> <br/>%%GLOBAL_BrandName%%</a>
 
						<script type="text/javascript">	
                                          $(document).ready(function() {
 
						$.ajax({
						  url: "/brands" 
 
						}).done(function ( data ) {
							var html = $(data);
							var items = $('.SubBrandListGrid li', html);
 
							items.each(function() {
							    var link = $('a', this);
								if(link){
								var txt = $(link).text();								
									if('%%GLOBAL_BrandName%%' == txt){
										var img = $('img', this).attr('src');
										$('#brand-logo').attr('src', img);
									}		
								}								
							});							 
						});
                                             });
						</script>
					</div>
				</div>

This is matlab function to calculate sum of A to N power using matrix diagonalization, it assumes that matrix is a square matrix.

function [x] = powersum(A, m)
% Greg Bugaj
 % Y = powersum(A, n) gives an sum of  matrices to N power, if matrix size
% is less than 2 then we simply return the input matrix
% Input : A - an nxn matrix
%         n - How many matrices to sum
%Output x - summed matrix to N power.
% P is our eigenvector, d is the diagonal to verify( inv(p)*A*p )
x = A;
[p d] = eigs(A);
for i = 2 : m
    % x = x+(A^i); -- Just raise to power and sum 
    % note b * inv(A) is same as b/p
    x = x +  ((p * d^i) / p);
end

This is program demonstrates how to use ‘cpuid’ assembly instruction on x86 to retrieve cache line size. This is done in c++ and it uses the inline assembly to execute the instructions, compiled with gcc on win32.

Really we are only interested in Cache line information which can be found using 0×80000006 code and its lower 8 bits returned from ECX register.

#include <iostream>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
 
int MASK_LSB_8 = 0xFF;
 
void int2bin(int val) {
	char buffer[33];
	itoa(val, buffer, 2);
	printf("binary: %s\n", buffer);
}
 
// CPUID instruction takes no parameters as CPUID implicitly uses the EAX register.
// The EAX register should be loaded with a value specifying what information to return
void cpuinfo(int code, int *eax, int *ebx, int *ecx, int *edx) {
	__asm__ volatile(
			"cpuid;" //  call cpuid instruction
			:"=a"(*eax),"=b"(*ebx),"=c"(*ecx), "=d"(*edx)// output equal to "movl  %%eax %1"
			:"a"(code)// input equal to "movl %1, %%eax"
			//:"%eax","%ebx","%ecx","%edx"// clobbered register
	);
}
 
int main() {
	int eax = 0, ebx = 0, ecx = 0, edx = 0;
	//CPUID(0): Basic information
	cpuinfo(0x0, &eax, &ebx, &ecx, &edx);
 
	// check vendor [GenuineIntel, GenuntelineI] = ebx+ecx+edx
	char vendor[13] = { 0 };
	int identity_reg[3] = { ebx, ecx, edx };
	for (unsigned int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
		for (unsigned int j = 0; j < 4; j++) {
			vendor[i * 4 + j] = identity_reg[i] >> (j * 8) & MASK_LSB_8;
		}
	}
	printf("\nVendor name = %s\n", vendor);
 
	//CPUID(0x80000000): Extended CPU information
	cpuinfo(0x80000000, &eax, &ebx, &ecx, &edx);
	int intelExtended = eax & MASK_LSB_8;
	printf("\nMax feature id = %d\n", intelExtended);
	if (intelExtended < 6) {
		printf("\nCache Extended Feature not supported");
		return 0;
	}
	// CPUID(0x800000006): Cache line information
	cpuinfo(0x80000006, &eax, &ebx, &ecx, &edx);
	// We are only interested in lower 8 bits
	printf("\nL2 Cache Size = %d\n", (ecx & MASK_LSB_8));
}



Here is output from my machine.

Vendor name = GenuntelineI
Max feature id = 8
L2 Cache Size = 64

Following result can be verified by using cpu-z program.

  	L1 Data cache	4 x 32 KBytes, 8-way set associative, 64-byte line size
    	L1 Instruction cache	4 x 32 KBytes, 8-way set associative, 64-byte line size
    	L2 cache	4 x 256 KBytes, 8-way set associative, 64-byte line size
    	L3 cache	6 MBytes, 12-way set associative, 64-byte line size

References